Effects of Globalization in the Philippines

The Adverse Effects of Globalization in the Philippines Most modern economist called this â€Å"World New Economic Order† that is all States in the world bend themselves to promote free flow of the economy. All country and State open its market with minimal or without any restrictions. Hence, for instance, Philippine economy is freely open for the global market with limited restriction or worst without limitation. For this reason modern economic superpowers, the members of this G7 (e. i. , United States, Japan, UK, Germany, France, Canada, Italy) hassle-free to intervene the Philippine economy.This trend is popularly known as the Globalization. It has three elements the privatization, deregulation, and the liberalization. To explain further the essence of this Globalization, we need to put scrutiny to its three elements. First, the privatization it is the policy wherein the Government Own and Controlled Corporations (GOCC's) where privatized by selling it to the private sector . Second, the deregulation, meaning the government has to cut its control over the industry for basic commodities, e. g. , oil, water, electricity.Lastly, liberalization, is the policy by which all laws regarding import products were amended or abolished, for example tariff and quota. Privatization is the process where all government own corporations are privatized, and maintained by the private sector. We cannot denied that when a business is in the hands of private institution it is oriented for profit. These GOCC's are basically State's inherent corporations because their services are for the public consumption like the electricity, water, transportation, telecommunications, and the like.They are essentials for the well being of the State. This trend of Globalization threaten this State's natural order. This trend, as push by the G7, paving these economic superpowers to access to the basic industries of a subject country. The truth is members of G7 has all the available resources , for the intervention of certain economy of a subject state. Take for example the Philippines, as said it is the largest producer of geothermal energy in the world, yet one of the highest rate of electricity in the world.This is true because the Philippines' electric industry is on the hands of private company. This is also true to other basic industry. Second element that is deregulation. To deregulate meaning the government has no legislative intervention over the certain corporation which main industry is for public consumption, as long as the company submitted reason of the their actions. Best example of this is the Philippine Oil Deregulation Law or Republic Act (R. A. ) 8479. Before, oil price is under controlled of the government by means of its quasi-agency, Oil Price Stability Fund (OPSF).This quasi-agency hold the price of Oil. Logically the fair market value. It is possible because when the price of Oil in the world market is low the OPSF remain its price to the local ma rket as it was brought high, the remaining stocks were sold higher than the world market. The government gained huge profit from this scheme. And when the price of Oil in the world market go up the government reimburse it from the profit they gained when it was low. So it's a circle as long as the price of Oil is stable and affordable.But when this G7 introduced the policy of globalization, underdeveloped and developing countries no way to run but suck it, bypassing the negative effects. When the R. A. 8479 and the OPSF were abolished, its pave the private companies to raise the price of oil to their discretion. Today the policy of oil price hike in the local market is determined by the movement of world market, which is obviously under controlled by the G7 and the greedy oil exporting countries. Now it is unstable and skyrocketing. Lastly, the liberalization meaning to liberalize.This process is done by means of amending or worst abolish the laws regarding restriction or limitation of import products, for example the tariff and quota. When a certain economy is liberalized, product of developed countries basically can enter to the developing and least develop nation. It's obvious that these products are surplus from their market, simply outsource the surplus. In the developed countries like the United States there are also economic struggle, but not in negative sense. The problem is the surplus products and surplus capital.Hence, US government today is more than willing to do tax reimbursement or refund: to circulate the market. They don't want history to be repeated way back in the mid 1940-the economic depression. It is also true to their products they need to find a new market. Basically, modern economic States did not help these underdeveloped and the developing States uplifting their poor condition, if they do so they're putting themselves in jeopardy. We conclude that if it is the reason of the policy, so why seems all the nation still upholding this tre nd of Globalization?There are so many reasons. One reason, take for example the Philippines poor and developing country. The economy is heavily dependent on its agriculture and natural resources. Its been a clamor to develop its economy it badly needed funds. The government in order to avert such problem needs to lend huge amount of money from world financial institutions like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). These financial institutions obviously from the G7 because they have the huge share.And basically these institutions existed for that cause-to controlled and to intervene over the the borrowing States. The Philippines is relatively young, poor country it passes several difficulties, one of this is the rampant corruptions. For this problem the State needs to gamble, borrowed money from these world financial institutions. Since the problem is systemic the circle is still going- borrow money, and put it to the pocket of corruption. Until such time that the debt of the Philippines were ballooning.

Tb Prevention For People Health And Social Care Essay

Children and grownups populating with HIV can be protected from one of their deadliest menaces – TB – with a regular, low-priced preventative medicine harmonizing to new guidelines launched today by the WHO. Of the about two million AIDS-related deceases each twelvemonth, a one-fourth of them are associated with TB. Because of their weakened immune system, people populating with HIV are less able to contend TB infection and are more likely to develop active TB which can be lifelessly and can distribute to others. In some communities, up to 80 % of people with TB trial positive for HIV. Taking medical specialty incorporating the anti-TB drug INH is a simple and cost-efficient step that prevents the TB bacterium from going active if it is present. Known as Isoniazid Preventive Therapy ( IPT ) , the intervention attack is non new, but for a assortment of grounds it is underused. Merely 85 000 ( or 0.2 % ) of all people populating with HIV received INH for TB bar in 2009. â€Å" As we commemorate Global AIDS Day, it is clear that pull offing HIV must include turn toing TB, † said Dr Gottfried Hirnschall, Director of WHO ‘s HIV/AIDS Department. â€Å" We need to to the full implement the WHOA Three I ‘s for HIV/TBA scheme in coaction with all spouses. TheA Three I'sA are Isoniazid Preventive Therapy, Intensified TB showing and Infection control for TB. These steps should be delivered as portion of comprehensive HIV services. †Key recommendationsThe guidelines are based on new scientific grounds that updates the old 1998 policy. The cardinal recommendations are: All kids and grownups populating with HIV, including pregnant adult females and those having antiretroviral intervention, should have INH bar therapy. Isoniazid should be provided for six to 36 months, or as a life-long intervention in scenes with high HIV and TB prevalence. Peoples populating with HIV who may hold TB symptoms should be further screened for active TB or other conditions so that they are able to entree the appropriate interventions. â€Å" In many states HIV is a major driver of the TB epidemic. Terbium is preventable and curable and the new guidelines show how to interrupt the concatenation that links TB and HIV taking to decease, † said Dr Mario Raviglione, Director of WHO ‘s Stop TB Department. â€Å" All states and communities need to implement the new guidelines and WHO can supply the necessary support to guarantee that this can go on. † Misconceptions that may lend to the low consumption of isoniazid therapy are besides addressed in the new guidelines. For illustration, concern that utilizing INH without other TB medicines causes opposition to the medical specialty was non found to be supported by any scientific grounds. These and other elucidations featured in the guidelines should unclutter the manner for greater entree to the preventative therapy for 1000000s of people populating with HIV. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-latent-tuberculosis-infection-in-hiv-infected-patients Persons with latent TB ( LTBI ) are symptomless and non infective. However, these LTBI B remain feasible and may reactivate old ages subsequently and do active diagnostic, and frequently catching, TB ( TB ) disease. ( SeeA ‘General concepts'A above. ) Compared with HIV-uninfected persons, HIV-infected patients with LTBI are significantly more likely to reactivate with TB disease, peculiarly those with advanced immunosuppression. ( SeeA ‘Interactions between HIV and tuberculosis'A above. ) In both HIV-infected and clean persons, the chief agents that have studied for LTBI includeisoniazid, the rifamycins ( bothA rifampinA andA rifapentine ) andA pyrazinamide. ( SeeA ‘Drug Toxicity'A above. ) Treatment of LTBI is effectual in forestalling active TB disease among HIV-infected patients. Adverse events and drug discontinuance rates are by and large lower among patients taking monotherapy compared with combination therapy and among those takingA isoniazidA for six to nine months compared with INH for 36 months or longer. ( SeeA ‘Clinical tests of latent TB intervention in HIV-infected patients'A above. ) All HIV-infected patients with grounds of LTBI should have therapy for the bar of active TB disease ( Grade 1A ) . There is no incontrovertible benefit of administrating intervention among patients who have negative trials for LTBI or who are anergic. Treatment is besides recommended for HIV-infected patients with recent contact with a individual with active TB disease or in those with a history of untreated or inadequately treated healed TB ( eg, fibrotic disease on chest X ray ) , irrespective of trial consequences for LTBI. ( SeeA ‘Indications for TB preventative therapy'A above. ) IsoniazidA is preferred for the intervention of LTBI in the HIV-infected patient because of its overall efficaciousness, safety, and cost. ( SeeA ‘Treatment regimens and duration'A above. ) The optimum continuance of therapy for LTBI is unknown. In resource-rich scenes, most patients are treated with nine months of dailyA isoniazidA ( 300 milligrams daily ) . In resource-limited scenes, clinical tests have evaluated six months of INH to womb-to-tomb therapy. The possible benefits of long-run INH are likely to be seen merely in high transmittal scenes and must be weighed against the greater toxicity, cost, and load on patients compared to shorter regimens. ( SeeA ‘Duration of therapy'A above. ) Surveies suggest a benefit for earlier induction of antiretroviral therapy on the incidence of TB among patients populating in endemic countries. Eligibility standards for induction of antiretroviral medicines for HIV disease vary by geographic location. ( SeeA ‘Initiation of antiretroviral therapy'A above andA † The impact of antiretroviral therapy on morbidity and mortality of HIV infection in resource-limited scenes † , subdivision on ‘Effect of antiretroviral therapy on other comorbidities ‘ . ) Prior to induction of intervention for LTBI, all patients must be scrutinized for active TB infection to avoid monotherapy and the hazard of TB drug opposition. ( SeeA ‘Assessment for TB disease'A above andA † Diagnosis, intervention, and bar of drug-resistant TB † . ) Everyday baseline research lab testing is non required prior to the induction of intervention of LTBI. However, individuals with a history of liver disease ( eg, alcoholic, viral hepatitis ) should hold baseline testing of transaminases. ( SeeA ‘Baseline research lab testing'A above. ) There is no consensus on the demand for everyday monitoring of transaminases in patients taking intervention for LTBI. However, all patients should be counseled on the symptoms and marks of drug-induced hepatitis ( eg, right upper quarter-circle hurting, icterus, sickness, purging, loss of appetency, dark piss ) . ( See'Patient monitoring'A above. )

Financial Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Economics - Assignment Example In order to apply the capital asset pricing model it is assumed that the investors are rational whereas the investors are not rational and all the investors does not have same information. There are cases in which the investors gets an inside information related to a certain investment and thus invests in that investment. One of the major limitation is that the investors can borrow or lend any amount for any period of time at the risk free rate which is not possible in practice as there are limitations and restrictions and it is difficult to determine the risk free rate for a long period of time as it is considered as the rate of the government securities which are considered to be least risky. Capital asset pricing model considers the assets to be perfectly divisible and is marketable which is not possible in all circumstances as there are not sudden markets available for all of the assets and securities and all the assets are not perfectly divisible. Capital asset pricing model con siders that no transaction cost is incurred in the purchase and sale of the securities and thus limits the practical implication in which the transaction costs are bared by investors when buying or selling the securities (Fama & French, 2004). Task A (b) The lending and the borrowing rate is elaborated as in the Role’s Critique of the empirical tests of capital asset pricing model they explained that risk free rate is available when lending is done but this rate is not available when it comes to borrowing. Thus the limitation of capital asset pricing model is further elaborated regarding the risking free rate as the risk free rate is only available for lending as the government securities can be bought which is easy but the risk free rate cannot be charged when borrowing as it is not possible (Ansari, 2000). Roll’s critique determined the limitation of the possibility regarding the selection of market portfolio where the relation is to be determine between the systemat ic risk and expected return on security is to be linear and if that is not the case than the efficiency is not determined of the capital asset pricing model but it is of the chosen index and the linear relation can be determined from any portfolio and not just from the market portfolio. The empirical test of capital asset pricing model is just the efficiency of the chosen market index and thus the relation is just the linear function of measured betas and of the average returns. Roll elaborated that the true market portfolio is necessary so as to test the efficiency of capital asset pricing model where all the conditions of capital asset pricing model are satisfied but the determination of the true market is impossible thus removing the possibility of testing the capital asset pricing model. Task A (c) The arbitrage pricing theory determined that the expected return is not only the basis of the expected return on which the investors make the investment decisions. The decisions of th e investment regarding the investment is not assumed to be based solely upon the expected return which is the limitation of the capital asset pricing model and thus addressing and eliminating the limitation of capital asset pricing model. Capital asset pricing model’s limitation of the normal distribution of the return is accounting for in the

Pakistan International Airlines Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Pakistan International Airlines - Case Study Example This report aims to research the main reasons behind the customer service issues in PIA that have been a constant source of not satisfying customers properly. Having traveled by PIA more than once, I have myself been subject to a few customer service issues, the details of which will be presented later on in the paper. The research discusses some of the concepts in literature pertaining to customer service standards and links them to PIA's existing standards; and analyses the areas where there is a gap between the two. In the fast-paced world of today where technology is the dominant factor, it is essential for businesses to retain their customers in order to grow and expand. PIA, however, has not been emphasizing upon this idea until late. The attitude of PIA, at least on the forefront, leads its customers to think otherwise. The purpose of this research paper is to identify the customer service issues faced by PIA customers while traveling by the airline. It is important for the PIA management to realize and focus on the specific issues that have been a regular factor in causing negative perception of PIA in the minds of its consumers (Anthony, Steven & Quinn, 2009). It is necessary for PIA to identify these issues and establish ranks; and accordingly identify the most important issues that are the biggest contributors to negative customer satisfaction. Only then can PIA modify its operations in terms of better training and address the issues in order to generate higher positive reviews from customers. The research will focus entirely on the customer perspective and will seek to identify the root causes, according to them of the problems that they face when travelling by PIA. Research Question The research question for this paper should focus on the customer and their feelings regarding PIA service. Thus the research question is: "What are the most important issues causing the greatest disappointment amongst the international customers of Pakistan International Airlines" The paper is focused on identifying the issues of international passengers since it is not possible to include the views of domestic passengers for the scope of this study. Furthermore, the airline industry has become highly symmetrical in that the domestic and international services do not have much of a difference. Issues identified in the international arena will also be present, to a certain extent, in the domestic travel. Thus, it is important to address international issues and identify the root causes of these issues so that they can be addressed. Marketing experts would advise a research question aimed at getting the most out of the customer regarding the root causes of the problems rather than the problems itself (Etzel, Walker, Walker & Stanton, 2000). Thus the research question will be accompanied with a survey aimed at finding out root

Dissussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dissussion Questions - Essay Example Mrs. Smith, by simply stating that she does not want to die may have revoked her DNR order. Her daughter may be the person in charge of the patient’s treatment and CPR decisions. If she is, then it is her right to determine what needs to be done in such a situation. The potential area of liability for the nurse is if she goes against the DNR order in place. Only a senior doctor, and no other person, can determine the right to CPR on the patient. This is keeping in mind that CPR only works to revive a patient temporarily, but may not determine the patient’s condition afterwards. The facility may face a lawsuit from the custodian, and that is the daughter, if they do not honor the conditions of the DNR order. Nobody may be in apposition to sue the nurse if she follows the DNR order. However, if the nurse decides to perform CPR, she may be doing so on her own accord and her actions may not reflect the actions of the facility. An individual can revoke a DNR by simply making their wishes known to doctors and nurses (Westrick & Dempski, 2008). DNR orders are ethically appropriate and are recognized in many quarters, for example religious and legal quarters. When a patient wants to leave a health care facility against medical advice, they might be exposing themselves to more problems. They run the risk of receiving inadequate medical treatment. This may ultimately lead to readmission in the health facility one left. There is an ethical issue that surrounds medical practitioners when it comes to leaving against medical advice. Doctors are torn between respecting the patient’s wishes, and acting with consideration to what is best for the patient (Pozgar, 2013). Some issues must be discussed before the patient leaves. This is done usually to avoid any potential lawsuits in the future. One of the issues that need addressing may be forms filled by patients who leave AMA. Under difficult circumstances, the

Review of an Academic Research Paper Literature Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Of an Academic Research Paper - Literature review Example Abstract: The purpose of an abstract is to provide the audience with a clear idea of the contents of the paper, where the authors describe the purpose of the paper, the research methodology used and a brief discussion of the findings, discussions and recommendations, if any. In this context, the article under review clearly brings out the fact that many previous studies on educational validity of gaming simulations â€Å"have been inconclusive† (Stainton et al, 2010, p.705). Thus, the authors inform the audience that their study has considered this aspect and it will â€Å"provide a foundation for future educational validity studies† (p.705). The abstract in this case, therefore, serves its intended purpose as per academic conventions. Introduction: Though the authors do not segregate and assign a separate section for introduction, they introduce the topic in the beginning stating that the study â€Å"proposes a methodology framework for assessing the educational valid ity of business gaming solution† (p.705). The authors further identify â€Å"total enterprise simulation† (TES) as a â€Å"credible learning tool† that can justify the time and cost invested by the students (p.705-706). Thus, the readers, right from the outset of the paper are able to understand the contents and take a decision whether to read the complete article or not, which is the purpose of the introduction in a paper. Theoretical Framework: The authors concede to the fact that â€Å"simulations are not an accurate representation of the real world† and identify this problem as the reason for their validity (p.707). Further, they also contend that the â€Å"knowledge and biases of the designer† also â€Å"distort† the learning potential of the simulations, which contributes to the difficulty and complexity in achieving the learning objectives (p.707). Their current study is based on these premises and the research attempts to find alterna tives to address these issues. The authors further argue that learners require sufficient time to â€Å"reflect on engaging experiences† coupled with motivation and feedback so as to ingest the learning effectively (p.709). Thus, they attempt to design a research methodology framework for addressing the problems in the â€Å"design, implementation, and implementation† of gaming simulations, through their study (p.709). They also feel there is an absence of a definite process for the design, implementation and validation of a TES and, therefore, they propose the need for the formulation of certain â€Å"theoretical propositions† and list them in the theoretical framework of the paper (p.710). By clearly bringing out the problems associated with the process of validating the gaming solutions in learning and identifying the specific theoretical frameworks to address these issues, the authors have clearly spelled out their objectives in the paper. Thus, from an acad emic perspective, the article provides the readers with all necessary information required by them to understand the theoretical framework on the paper. Research Design and Instruments: The authors propose a â€Å"multi-case study research design† that addresses the validity and reliability issues for the purpose of their study (p.711). In this context, it can be understood that case studies are effective tools for evaluating the

Cancer Registry Annual Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cancer Registry Annual Report - Coursework Example ology program will move, it evaluates the protocols and the quality of care available using both external and internal sources of data and puts forward recommendations that could help to bring about improvements to meet the required regulatory standards. The total number of patients treated for cancer this year was 590, of which 268 were male and 249 were female. Lung and breast cancer reported the highest incidence of cancer; among the males the highest incidences were of lung and colon cancer, while among the females, the highest incidences were of breast and cervical cancer. The largest number of all cancer types occurs between the ages of 41 to 60, followed by the ages 61 to 75. During the diagnosis stage, 262 cancer cases were localized, while 230 were regional. In most instances, i.e., 49 cases, diagnosis was made by bronchoscopy, while 22 were made by percutaneous biopsy. There has been a steady rise in the number of lung cancer cases from 2001 to 2005, with the steepest rise occurring between 2003-4. The most common age when a lung cancer diagnosis has been made is between the ages of 65 to 74. The Oncology standards at this hospital are quite high, because the primary purpose of the Oncology Committee is to direct and evaluate the Oncology program and to suggest recommendations for improvement. The organization has received commendation by the Commission on Cancer, which is also the reason why it has received funding. The hospital specializes in lung cancer, but various other forms of cancer are also treated. Mr. Johannson, the CEO has set achievement of quality as one of the most important organizational goals, which has led to the achievement of awards and accreditation for the hospital. The head of the Oncology program is Nancy Turlick and she has been the prime mover behind implementing these quality of care standards and based upon the results the hospital has achieved, the standards of care at the hospital have been revised. Hospital data is

From the business idea (will upload the file), create a hybrid of Assignment

From the business idea (will upload the file), create a hybrid of ideas or compile a new idea then, document how the business mo - Assignment Example What makes the company success The sinner party company being a brand new service within the area of location, many people above eighteen years would be attracted to the services offered by the company. Many of the customers would be looking for a bar with lighting and logo placement which would help in overcoming the competitions by the other companies. Additionally, the Sinner Party Company has been strategically placed where the population is high hence more customers. The process layout of the company is very convenient to the customers hence their attraction to the company (Anderson, Narus & Van Rossum, 2006 pp. 90). Target customer The Sinner Party Company has no discrimination to customers. The company targets all kinds of customers at all age above 18 which is authorized by the law. The customer consideration by the company is the ability to make the payment of the services provided by the company. Additionally, they consider the customers attitudes and their behaviors during the party. For instance, the customers should be able to adhere to the company’s rules and regulations where they should not carry anything illegal to the party station (Winer, 2001n.p). In that case, the sinner party company gets attached well to their customer hence good relationship. The company’s relationship to the customers is pleasing and strong. For instant, the company offers the customers with two options; to provide private bar service for the customers at their own homes, to provide the customer with both the destination and the private bar services (Payne & Frow, 2005 pp. 168). Additionally, the company places the parties near to the customers where they are able to access the places at the right time. They also have the freedom offered by the company to choose the product they would wish to have during their function. In that case, the company’s relationship to the customers is strong enough (Payne & Frow, 2005 pp. 170). Macro environment The Sinn er Party Company has been net working economically, politically, socially, and technologically. Due to their social relationship with the Sydney people, they have been allowed to use the offices and the suburbs for their functioning. On the other hand, politically, Sinner Party has strictly adhered to the laws (Kirschbaum, 2005). They do not allow any customer who might bring illegal things in their company. In that case, the company has flourished without any government complains. On the side of economic, the sinner party company is a government revenue generating company. They consider the customers ability to make the payment according their charges. In that case, they make adjustments of their charges to equalize each customer and make everyone fit in to their rank (Kirschbaum, 2005). Due to the technology advancement in the company, the operations have been ease. The record keeping has become computerized where the company is able to record more than one thousand customers with their dates of functioning. Additionally, company has been able to bank their money hence safety. The sinner party company operates both daytime and night. In that case, the advancement of the technology has highly benefited the company. They have employed security maintainers who have been using technological tools to keep and ensure the customers safe both during the two sessions. Distribution channel The use of

Problem solving in a workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 15500 words

Problem solving in a workplace - Essay Example The problems may be technical, or issue based or as it is called in the writing of this paper complex in nature. The form of problem solving technique implemented should be well structured as well as systematic in order to make any improvements at the workplace and allow benefits regarding any possible changes (McWhinney, 1997). The approach to problem solving should be consistent within the workplace. All the members at the workplace should use the same method of solving the problems at the workplace and ensure that all people have the same method of solving problems at the workplace as a constituent of organizational behaviour towards solutions to complex problems (Mullins, 2010). The consistency of the process is important in keeping the process more scientific and less susceptible to any form of biases and therefore equivocal in the problem solving process. The problem solving technique is also important in the group processes of solving the problems since the model provides a focus for the group. The processes that are implemented by the group are important in ensuring that the model is implemented and structured in a way that helps the group to coordinate and function properly as a group. The problem solving a techniques help the group in reaching a consensus and in the decision making process. The method is also important in ensuring that the problems are solved effectively.

Financial problem Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Financial problem - Assignment Example The mere affect of issuing share capital to general public would be fruitful as it solidifies the legal position of the Company by giving it the status of listed Company, if it chooses this option of finance. Furthermore, the dilution of control of the business would be shared as a result of share issuance to the general public who now become the owner of the Company. With respect to tax effects, the company would be more transparent as now it would directly come under the control of regulatory bodies of the country. However, as a listed Company, now the tax effects would be more on the Company’s part Another option available to meet the Company’s financial needs for business expansions is to acquire a long term loans from any banking or financial institutional channels. As, the company credit standing and financial position is quite strong enough to acknowledge the timely repayment of the loan principal and interest cost, thus, SMT could easily negotiate a loan and its terms from any well reputed financial institutions or banking channels. The legal status of the Company would not be affected as such due to such long term loans as these loans are meant to repay in the upcoming times. Moreover, the dilution of control would not be affected on account of these long term loan because of the same reason and lastly, the tax effects would be reduced on the part of Company as usually the tax authorities allows the interest cost as admissible expense in the tax income calculation. This option might result in huge cash inflows to C and C hydraulic, if considered to take into action. However, the disposal of any of its non profitable or loss incurring business assets would inject some of the cash flows towards the Company, which then strategically utilized to meet business expansion and growth requirements of the Company in an effective and efficient manner. There would be no possible implications on legal status and dilution of

Swatch Case Study Essay Example for Free

Swatch Case Study Essay After Hayek took over as CEO of Societe Suisse de Microelectronique et d’Horlogerie (SMH), he realized that the company’s watch making process needed to be looked at and reanalyzed. No more could they reject the lowest market segment of watches as it was proving to be the most highly profitable, so they decided to introduce the Swatch. The product would be marketed as a watch that was affordable but still carried the prestige of a Swiss watch. Most of all, this new product line was to be innovative- nothing like any other watch on the market. Along with this, Hayek wanted the Swatch to have meaning and emotion, because influencing the customer’s emotion can lead to spontaneity which will positively affect their market demand. This was the most critical element to the brand’s success as these unique design concepts and emotion based marketing strategies, such as hanging the giant watch in Frankfurt, intrigued the younger generation and the demand for these watches exploded around the world and helped SMH cement its place in the lower segment of the watch market. Without this, they probably would not have been able to separate themselves from their competitors spelling doom for the company. Before the Swatch or any other inexpensive watch, people wore watches as a sign of wealth. Most watches were built through hard manual labor and had rubies and other expensive materials making it difficult for an average Joe to purchase it. But after the world war, the Timex was released and this changed everything as these mass produced disposable watches were priced very economically. Sales boomed for the product and the lower segment flourished. But for the wealthy, companies like Rolex still existed to offer a luxurious product for a very premium price, and the most important element for these customers was the prestige of the watch maker and Rolex was just that. Omega, SMH’s most exclusive brand, was also facing failure till the resurgence of Swatch. Success in another market gave Hayek the ability to redevelop Omega as a brand, and restore the prestige that came with the name before the company got greedy and saturated the market with them and by doing so damaged the brands image and for customers who are in more expensive markets, that is a deal breaker. When it came to cheaper watches though, consumers were more interested in its novelty than prestige.

Zimbabwe Country Economy

Zimbabwe Country Economy Introduction â€Å"Our votes must go together with our guns. After all, any vote we shall have, shall have been the product of the gun. The gun which produces the vote should remain its security officer its guarantor. The peoples votes and the peoples guns are always inseparable twins† Robert Mugabe, 1976 Zimbabwe is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. One of the natural wonders of the world, the Victoria Falls, resides within the ‘Great Zimbabwe. It was once a major tobacco producer but now, in the hands of Robert Mugabe, has become a country with a deteriorating economy and is facing international isolation. This dissertation will analyse Robert Mugabes, the Zimbabwean Presidents, reign over the country and how he transformed from being a populist to a possible dictator. The research is based on the situation in Zimbabwe before the elections, which will be take place in March 2008. In doing so, the developments of the British colonial power in the country will also be highlighted, as many Africans believe it to be at the core of Zimbabwes current problems. Many have argued that his actions and beliefs were the presidents answer to the colonisation suffered by Zimbabwe; whereas others say he is simply retaliating against the views of Ian Smith, the former Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia. It can be said that the true reasons for Mugabes descent into dictatorship will never be explicitly clear. Dictatorship in its broadest sense can be defined as a government with a single leader or party that exercises absolute control over all citizens and most aspects of their lives. Dictators of such power are perceived by themselves and their followers as above the law and able to act beyond constitutional constraints. This dissertation will, therefore, also analyse why dictatorship became the chosen method of government for a president, who clearly could have emerged from the 1980s and 1990s as a president who was clever, trusted and perceived by many a reliable leader. The British Colonialism Surrounding countries once perceived Zimbabwe as a breadbasket that could have potentially provided a source of surplus; this was the case until the colonisation had eventually occurred giving way to a vast amount of corruption to take place. The colonisation in Africa took force in the late nineteenth century. The presence of Cecil Rhodes in 1871 made the colonisation process move forward when he arrived during the year that the diamond bearing lodes were discovered. By buying out rivals who shared his views about the diamond industry, he was able to establish a successful career. Soon after, in the 1880s, Rhodes used his once successful tactic to control the gold fields that had been found in Transvaal. By the end of the nineteenth century, Rhodes was in domination of the South African exportation market of gold and diamonds, this was through his two companies: De Beers Consolidated Mines and Gold Fields of South Africa. Having achieved plenty of wealth, he had yet to fulfil his true dream to create an ultimate British Empire stretching down the African continent. Rhodess vision was made into reality when he proposed to incorporate the two companies with terms to allow investments for northern expansion. Soon after, in 1889, the British South Africa Company (BSAC) had been formed, which enabled the British Government to grant a royal charter. The fundamental purpose of such a charter was to allow British rule in central Africa without the involvement of the British Government, excusing them from any new responsibilities and expenses. Rhodes proposed many â€Å"deceiving treaties and concessions in order to develop the colonisation process of the regions land, labour, and precious metal and mineral resources†. Before the arrival of Rhodes and the British rule, there were a number of terriorial parts which were collectively referred under the name of Zambezi, they included Mashonaland, Matabeleland and Barotseland.Whilst expanding his company to the northern line of Zambezi, there was a change of name that came into effect in 1895; the na me Zambezi was officially changed to Rhodesia, after the colonial founder. The end of World War II brought changes in global power relations. The Suez Crisis highlighted Britains weakness and indicated that it was no longer a superpower; it was too weak to fight internationally and therefore could not ignore its dependency on the United States. As a result, Britain had little choice in decolonising, and had faced pressure from the US to withdraw their troops, to allow the United Nations (UN) peacekeeping forces to take over. It was the ‘Special Relationship, agreed by Roosevelt and Churchill that advocated for rights to be given to people and not states. The example set by the Jamaican Prime Minister; Norman Manley indicated that a black government could be efficient and work well. This gave rise to the possibility of decolonisation in South Rhodesia. In 1953, the British government came to a compromise by creating the federation of Rhodesia and Nysaland. Rhodesia remained a self-governing colony for several decades but this continued with no African suffrage. The economy of Rhodesia flourished during the federation, and it was assisted by the increase in copper prices globally. However, the economic benefits did not settle the political disputes, especially due to Britain providing other colonies with independence (such as Ghana in 1957). African people, later, got a vote when a ‘B roll was added to the electorate in 1957. Many political parties had formed during the federation in the struggle for an independent Rhodesia. The first leader was Joshua Nkomo, who was the President of the African National Congress, but this was banned soon after. Nkomo then in 1960 founded the National Democratic Party, but this was again condemned a year later. The African leader was very determined and was not staying down. In 1961 he created ZAPU (Zimbabwe African Peoples Union), in which his partners were Ndabaningi Sithole and Robert Mugabe. The political unrest amongst the African majority, with backing from the UN, enforced Rhodesias federal government to introduce a new constitution to allow black representation in the Rhodesian Parliament. However, strong disagreements between the ZAPU leaders over tactics, led to Mugabe and other ZAPU dissidents forming a new nationalist party, the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), in August 1963. This new ZANU party were determined to impose tougher policies regarding the settlers in Zimbabwe. The growth in the formation of nationalist parties was something Ian Smith, the Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia, did not take lightly. In his view, such a freedom of rights would create an immense loss of economic status to the white people. In South Rhodesia, the white people controlled the economy, which included the education system, businesses, and so on. It was difficult for the black people to acquire the skills required to carry out the management of such facilities and therefore created a cycle in which the black people suffered harsh economic conditions, a lower quality of education and were trapped in blue-collar jobs. The introduction of the new constitution created an opportunity for Smith to establish a new party, The Rhodesian Front. As soon as Smith became prime minister in 1964, he had Nkomo and Mugabe arrested. Smiths party was committed to white supremacist policies and offered the promise of an independent Rhodesia, to be governed by the European minority. Having strong white-separatist views, Smith attempted to prevent de-colonisation by rejecting the British proposal for independence in 1964 and instead formed a Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in 1965, which was not recognised by London. Soon after, Rhodesia drifted away from both Britain and the Commonwealth, which was followed by the African nationalist parties ZANU and ZAPU taking up arms against the regime. There was also involvement from Nkomos African guerrilla army against the Rhodesian security forces and backing from the South African forces, which came after 1967. The situation was not helped by the unification of Nkomo and Mugabe in 1976, in the formation of a united Patriotic Front. Essentially the reason for this is due to the state of peacekeeping in Africa. If an area in not peaceful, the social conditions fall, and the economy suffers. Due to the structure of African nations, none of the economies are seen to be strong enough to survive independently. As a result of there being a generally accepted view amongst African people that ‘power grows out of the barrel of the gun, many Africans are not aware of how to deal with a failing economic and social structure and therefore have resorted to corruption. This, therefore, indicates that African economies prosper when the nation is at peace but when there is disorder, a civil war is likely to erupt. The conflict against the regime, with such a large force from the African people, gradually turned into a civil war. Having seen the devastation that was occurring in Rhodesia, Smith found it difficult to avoid the need for some sort of concession for the black Africans. His plan of action seemed like it was based on an innocent measure to actually dissolve the conflict, however, he had simply disguised his true intention. Smith negotiated with a moderate African politician, Bishop Abel Muzonewa, leader of UANC (United African National Council). Smith offered to enable multi-racial elections in 1979, but this was only possible if Muzonewa secured the political and economic interests of the white population. With the Patriotic Front banned, Muzonewa won the elections and became Prime Minister of the transitional government. The conflicts continued with strong campaigning by the Patriotic Front and the guerrilla army. They did not settle until the Lancaster House Agreement, held in London, where the independence constitution, the pre-independence arrangements and the end of hostilities were discussed. Present at the meeting were the representatives of the British Government, the Rhodesian administration and the Patriotic Front. At the talk the UDI was overturned and Rhodesia was again reverted back to being a British Colony. In recognition of the need for the views of black Africans in the political arena, elections were organised to take place in February 1980. Robert Mugabe: The Leader In discussing the chosen path of the Zimbabwean Presidents reign, it is interesting to see why he was chosen to run as the leader during the 1980 elections as opposed to Nkomo. The Lancaster House Agreement (1979) highlighted the need for an internal solution to the on-going conflicts within Zimbabwe, which meant that the rivalry between ZANU and ZAPU had to come to an end. With Robert Mugabes movement being the largest, he was able to influence and motivate a larger population within the country, and so gain a larger percentage of votes during an election. Before discussing the political nature of the descent, it is important to establish the ways and means of Mugabe getting to such an authoritative position. Mugabe was a popular and eloquent leader; he was able to gain the attention of his audience quite effectively. It can be said that his audience, being the black Africans, were attracted to his persona, which is the way he presented himself to his audience. Mugabe can also be described as being quite charismatic; he was able to win over his audience by the means of his approach. Being in the limelight he was required to address his audiences in a way that would appeal to them, thus he was able to adapt to the type of listener he was speaking to. There have been many times when Mugabe was seen to be uplifting a rally by getting involved and giving his enthusiastic and loud audience the impression that he was a boisterous and proud man ready to stand up for his country, and then merely a few hours later he could effectively address attendees of a conference in an articulate manner. This is one of the reasons for the growth in his popularity. He was able to speak clearly in a well-structured way, which indicated the weaknesses in Nkomos presentation. As opposed to Mugabe, Nkomo could not speak English, which left him in a weaker position. For example, when having to speak at press conferences Nkomo required a translator, which could have made him appear less confident and not as knowledgeable as Mugabe. Studying in Britain gave Mugabe the chance to become fluent in English, which enabled him to address not only the white community but also the international community. He was a well-read man, with seven university degrees and eleven honorary degrees from six countries. With this background and the capability to also speak several local languages, he was able to appeal to a larger audience. It was not only his method of speaking that made him a popular leader; it was also the content of Mugabes speeches that attracted a vast number of people. His beliefs and ideals matched those of his audience and in presenting himself as a knowledgeable and well-established leader; he was able to convince even those who may not have initially believed that he was able to lead effectively. He was a very organised political leader and was known for his effective structure. This led to the general perception that he was an intellectual speechmaker and a strong bureaucrat. Another part of his persona was that he gave the audience exactly what they saw, in other words, ‘what you see is what you get. Mugabe was not a performer, he did not speak in a rehearsed manner, his speeches where given with little movement but with rigorous force in his voice. When emphasising things, Mugabe spoke loudly, but when dictating he was seen to be speaking slowly with a lower tone of voice. This can be seen as a technique to make the listener really pay attention to every word he is speaking as it is in a lower tone, and it may also at times add a threatening element to the content. The Zimbabwean leader did not use props when speaking; the effectiveness of getting his message across could be said as being his main technique in winning the audience over. In regards to his appearance, many would agree in saying that Mugabe is not physically attractive in an obvious way. Looking at the physical appeal that American leaders, such as Kennedy and Malcolm X may have had over their audiences, Mugabe was not relying on his physical appearance to play a part in his approach. This may be because physical appeal is not seen to hold any significance within the political arena of African society. Mugabe did however use his choice of clothing to signify his intentions. He is normally seen wearing either a military uniform or a civilian suit. When he spoke at conferences in an international arena he could be described as wearing the colours of Zimbabwe, to show his audience that he was the proud leader of his country. However, when speaking locally to the people of his party he was likely to be wearing the colours of ZANU-PF, a party which was formed in 1987 to dissolve hostilities between Nkomo and Mugabe, which are red and black. It is interesting to see that during elections he would normally be seen in neutral colours, this may have been a way of showing that he was not a dictator; someone who only wears military uniform and stands fanatically for his party. Recently, Mugabe has been seen wearing his own creation, the presidential sash. This could be observed as a way of representing himself as being someone distinctly different in the crowd during the elections, and to signify that he is the man with the power. Mugabe was able to show his audience that he was a political animal. He understood that power did not simply arise from nowhere; he knew that he had to work hard in order to persuade the black African people to support him and had to show them that he had what it takes to bring change to Zimbabwe. On the contrary, Nkomo used a very military approach; he resorted to fear as the method of gaining attention and support. Nkomo had the potential to be a good ‘general leader but not an effective political leader. With this in mind, it can be said that in the late 1970s there was the apprehension that Nkomo could become successful in forming his own regime, and therefore the result would be a break up of Zimbabwe. The fear of such an outcome meant that Mugabe would have an upper hand in the 1980 elections, with more support from the African nation. Research carried out by Max Weber and McGregor Burns outlines that there are several ideal-types of political action, which can be seen as being on the ends of a spectrum of possible political practises and political leadership. On one end, politicians can use their power to serve their own interests and therefore loose sight of the true goals of the game. On the other the power politicians have, descends into becoming the core of all their actions and therefore overrides other values and interests. In order to determine which end of the spectrum Mugabe stood on during the merger of the two leaders, the political life of ZANU-PF since its unification needs to be understood, and will be discussed in the next chapter. Robert Mugabe the Political Leader: ZANU, ZAPU Joshua Nkomo Soon after the Lancaster House Agreement, Joshua Nkomo had attempted to contact Robert Mugabe regarding the strategy they would use in the 1980 elections as an integrated party, The Patriotic Front. To Nkomos disappointment Mugabe had decided to stand alone as ZANU. Being granted an equal opportunity to participate in the elections of 1980, as anticipated, Mugabe alone was able to win over the majority of votes. The newly independent nation changed its name from Rhodesia to the historic name of Zimbabwe. This historic victory left Nkomo feeling extremely distressed; the leader of ZAPU felt betrayed and immense anger towards Mugabe; he spoke of Mugabe as being mistaken as the father figure of African nationalism in Rhodesia, when he felt he himself deserved that title. Mugabes ideology can be tested in the observation of the tactics used when constructing a new government. He had offered Nkomo the position of president; this being a fundamentally ceremonial role carried no executive powers. The role would have left Nkomo imprisoned by Mugabe, as there would have been no say on his part. Nkomo, understanding the nature of the role, rejected the offer; he had experienced imprisonment for much of his life and did not warm to the idea of having no right to speak his mind and lead on matters, which were important to him. Eventually, Nkomo settled for the role of Minister of Home Affairs, with control of the police too. The initial decision to exclude Nkomos involvement had caused further tension between the two leaders and with the victory behind him Mugabe became a bigger threat to Nkomo. Although he knew that he alone, as leader of ZANU, could win the elections, Mugabe recognised that Nkomos presence in the new government would help radicalise his force, so Mugabe offered him a place. This can be seen as a political strategy used by Mugabe to ensure that he had ultimate power. Whether or not this was a deliberate way of forming a one-party system in Zimbabwe will be examined below. First it is important to discuss the course Mugabe had undertaken when he came into power after a successful election victory. At the beginning of his time in power, Mugabe started out as a peaceful leader; his policies were calm and were seen to commit to the provisions that protected European political rights. One of Mugabes first moves can be described as introducing Marxist policies to Zimbabwe. These had initially caused immense harm to the economy, but with the changing fashion of the 1990s, there was a move towards a market system. It can be argued that Mugabe had not adopted a wholly Marxist approach to his leadership; rather his principles can be said as being classically socialist. It would have been expected of a Marxist leader to nationalise the farms in Zimbabwe. However, in contrary to this expectation, Mugabe had withdrawn from the idea of doing so in the early days of his leadership. As opposed to the expectation of a communist leader, Mugabe did not disown the farmers as he recognised that they provided the economic basis of the regime, and the country. Mugabes conciliatory approach in his leadership was not enough to drown out the conflict between ZANU and ZAPU. Tribal hostilities between the Shona people and the Ndebele people became a prominent feature of everyday life in Zimbabwe; this was even more so obvious when Mugabe dismissed Nkomo in 1982. However having recognised that their internal conflicts could potentially descend into a power struggle and were providing the leeway for Smith to stir between the two leaders, Nkomo and Mugabe decided to join forces and stop the prospect of Smith gaining ultimate power. It was in 1987 when the two leaders attempted to resolve their differences by merging into one, ZANU-PF, which meant that Zimbabwe became a one-party state. It is important to consider that in parallel to the introduction of the newly integrated party was the change in the constitution, which allowed Mugabe to be granted the role of executive president and Nkomo being named vice president. In essence this combination ga ve both leaders ultimate power over Zimbabwe. The political process of Mugabes descent into dictatorship can be traced back to the shift in forming a one-party state. The emergence of the integration was initially designed as a positive solution. Thus consideration should be placed on whether Mugabes real intention, in 1987, was to gradually turn his government into a dictatorship, or whether he was genuinely presenting a solution based on harmonisation. Did Mugabe no longer see Nkomo as a threat but rather as an ally in the war against the white regime? Or was he simply disguising the fact that he was keeping his friends close, but his enemies closer? Having the desire to be a long-term leader, did Mugabe decide to bring Nkomo in as a strategy to achieve this? The following chapters will answer the questions, which have caused confusion for more than 20 years. Robert Mugabes Political Strategy: Ian Smith, the White Community Robert Mugabes International Status To the surprise of many, including Ian Smith, Robert Mugabe had suggested that the confidence of the white people needed to be maintained in order to build a future for the country. It was a shock to Smith and many other white officials in Africa to grasp Mugabes approach. White people had been taught to hate him and had assumed that his gain in power would have been catastrophic for the country, especially for the white population. Smith had found his experiences of meeting Mugabe after the elections as being surprisingly pleasant, the newly elected leader was described as giving the impression that he was genuine about maintaining the relationship between the white and black community, â€Å"he behaved like a balanced, civilised westerner, the antithesis of a communist gangster I had expected†. Mugabes approach during the earlier period of his reign can be seen as an attempt to build trust. His primary concern at the time was to get the public to believe his public statements when speaking of leaving the past behind and holding no grudges in order to build a better future. Mugabe also managed to impress some of the former senior officials by retaining them in office. There was assurance that he would be working to benefit everyone in Zimbabwe, which would be possible if a level of trust was maintained between the former officials of the Rhodesia era and those of modern Zimbabwe. When Parliament opened, Mugabe and Smith were seen to be walking side by side. This left the white community feeling not only happy to be represented by their own MPs but also comfortable knowing that there was the presence of two other white ministers in government who had been specifically appointed by Mugabe; David Smith, the former Rhodesian Front minister, and Dennis Norman, the former president of the Commercial Farmers Union. This patronage by Mugabe enabled a reduction in the general feeling of depression and nervousness that had resided in the minds of the white community, and also gave the white community confidence in the newly elected government and their new leader. With feelings of trust and confidence in the government, the white farmers were found to eventually become supporters of the new government. For many whites, there were several benefits including economic sanctions, no military call-ups and no restrictions on their leisure pursuits. They also owned most of the commercial farmland, most of the countrys property and wealth, and were still in domination of commerce, industry and banking which meant that they obtained the monopoly of high-level skills. This gave the white community an upper hand in progressing, leaving a high number of black people stuck in a cycle of deprivation with lower standards of education and fewer skills being gained. With the black community having little access to gain skills and progress, it meant that the white community always had a gap to fill in Zimbabwe by occupying the higher posts in the workforce. Despite Mugabes approach to settle differences between the black and the white community there were still reservations on the actual outcome of the newly elected government and its effects on the country and its economy. For some whites, a Marxist black government was not something that they were willing to accept and this lack of confidence led to the steady exodus mainly to South Africa, which remained to be a country of white rule. Most left with the expectation of a deterioration in the standards of education, health, urban services and policing, whereas others were concerned for the job prospects of not only themselves but the effects on the future of their children too. There was also a feeling of dismay at the way the television and radio, which had once served as a source of propaganda for the Rhodesian Front, was now serving ZANU-PF. During the 1980s, as a result of the election outcome, nearly seventeen thousand white people emigrated, that was one tenth of the population. Internationally, Zimbabwe was perceived as acquiring a high status. Mugabe had maintained a close tie with the British with disregard to all past disputes; he believed that the war Zimbabwe fought was against colonialism and imperialism. His message was that Zimbabwe had gained independence so there was no problem with the British people and no need to quarrel. Having a highly regarded reputation, the newly independent country had been made many offers for financial assistance. This gave the government the opportunity to embark on a range of projects that would benefit the education system and healthcare services for everyone. This ‘honeymoon period for the new government was forming a globally reputable mark on Zimbabwe. Mugabe was seen as a leader who was really going to bring change to Zimbabwe by taking it out of the cycle that it was stuck in. This demeanour was illustrated in his intellectual, mature and reasonable outlook along with his sense of fair play. However, it was not long before ministers in Zimbabwe began criticising the white community in their speeches. The confrontations with South Africa officially marked the end of the honeymoon period. With the shock of Mugabes victory at the elections, many South Africans were hoping for a moderate black government but were disappointed to see a Marxist black government in place. It became South Africas primary aim to keep Zimbabwe in a weak and defensive position in order to destabilise it to present neither a security threat nor a stable African state. During 1981, there were several attacks on black ministers; the assassination of prominent South African Nationalist Joe Gqabi (Chief Representative of the African National Congress in Zimbabwe) in July, and the bomb blast at ZANU-PF headquarters in Salisbury during December signified treason against the new government. These attacks began a stream of turmoil, and led to Mugabes declaration of the honeymoon period being over as a result of the inhumane treatment; his views were that â€Å"because of their [the South African people] treason and crimes against humanity in Zimbabwe we could have put before a firing squad, but which we decided to forgive, have hardly repented†, he went on to state that â€Å"South Africa were harming race relations to destroy our unity, to sabotage our economy, and to overthrow the popularly elected government I lead†. The disorder in Zimbabwe worsened with threats from Mugabe that his government would be revising its policy on national reconciliation and would not hold back from taking steps in combating the criminals by giving them harsh punishments. Mugabes speeches not only attacked the white spies and saboteurs, but they gradually extended to the white community as a whole, with particular focus on the wealth they enjoyed. The situation in Zimbabwe began to create a sense of fear in the minds of the white community; a reflection of this was the growth in the exodus. Within the three years of independence, half of the white population had emigrated, which amounted to approximately 100,000 people leaving the country. Being the defender of the â€Å"white tribe†, Ian Smith argued that the government was incompetent and corrupt and that the well being of white Zimbabweans was under attack. During his visits abroad to Britain and the United States, Smith had been found to portray Zimbabwe as a country â€Å"suffering dire straits and heading for a one-party Marxist rule†. On his return, Smith was welcomed with retaliation by the government in the form of intimidation and demoralisation of the white community. Smiths passport had been withdrawn as a result of his apparent political bad manners and hooliganism whilst abroad and his premises were searched vigorously. Having begun his political reign in a peaceful manner, Mugabe can be seen to have later felt betrayed by the behaviour of the white community towards his government. The initial approach he had adopted respected the provisions that were for the benefit of the white Zimbabweans, and gave the impression that he had forgiven them for the treatment the black community had experienced. It can be assumed that he felt hatred towards the white people for betraying his respect for them. Although he was a well educated, calm and seemingly peaceful leader, it is difficult to understand why the once popular and civilised leader had gradually immersed into the notion of dictatorship. The life Mugabe had lived, his experiences and his beliefs, can be said to have influenced his change in governing styles, but the loss of trust in the white community, after gaining independence, poses the question: was Mugabe pushed or did he lead the way down the path towards dictatorship? The Phenomenon of Robert Mugabe Historical experiences indicate that the granting of independence to former colonies have usually provided the foundations for the formation of dictatorship. This is not merely the case for Africa alone, but can be witnessed in former colonies throughout the world. In the case of Southern Rhodesia, Robert Mugabe was the man who indulged into this with no tolerance of any opposition. Cases that show this absolute intolerance of opposition include the Matabeleland genocide in 1983 which put Joshua Nkomo in exile; and the treatment of Edgar Tekere, who stood independently against Mugabe in 1990, and had been intimidated as well as his supporters being beaten leaving his party the Zimbabwe Unity Movement in ruins. The more recent case of Garfield Todd, in the 2002 elections, shows how the leader of ZANU-PF uses intimidation and violence to get his own way.

Perspectives Of Human Resource Management

Perspectives Of Human Resource Management Suppose you are the HR Manager in a company. Company is considering the idea of establishing an HR Department to manage its employees efficiently and effectively to use different prospective of HRM, and how flexible workplace play an important role in HR performance and what are main challenges faced by HR manager in flexible workplace, while at the same attain maximum employee satisfaction and loyalty. Your report should address the theoretical background with appropriate examples and flexibility within the workplace This assignment will be done in group. The assignment will include a report to be developed and is to be presented. Client 1: Banking sector (head office) Client 2: Insurance sector Client 3: Telecom sector Client 4: Private University Teacher will have meetings with the groups on fortnightly basis (after 2 weeks). The students are expected to show coordination and commitment towards the group and will discuss their progress in each meeting. If any student is found guilty of non-cooperation or any other issue of major concern, the boss will cut down the final grade of that person. Grading Statement Pass Merit Distinction P1 Explain Guests model of hard-soft, loose-tight dimensions of HRM M1 A range of methods and techniques have been applied D1 Synthesis has been used to generate and justify valid conclusions P2 Review the differences between Storeys definitions of HRM and personnel and IR practices M2 A range of sources of information used P3 Analyse HRM from a strategic perspective and it implications for the role of the line manager and employees P4 Review and explain a model of flexibility and show how this might be applied in practice P5 Describe the need for flexibility and the types of flexibility which may be developed by an organization and give examples of how they can be implemented M3 Apply the relevant flexibility approaches on the organization under consideration and justify your answer. P6 Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of flexible working practices from both the employee and the employer perspective Outcome 1 Tasks for P1 Discuss the relationship between hard, soft, loose-tight HRM in context of guests model in implementation prospective. This should be done in perspective of information provided to the client. Tasks for P2 Discuss how storeys definitions of HRM are different then personnel and IR practice and what the impact of these practices in organization Tasks for P3 Discuss what is the strategic importance of HRM for any organization. Discuss from the point of view of strategic approaches of HRM. Tasks for M1 The student is expected to apply the approaches and methods discussed at Pass level on the organization selected. Outcome 2 Tasks for P4 Discuss where we can use the model of flexibility in organization and how we can use it for the improvements in the organization selected. Tasks for P5 Where and why organization use flexibility and which type of flexibility are implemented in organization. Task for P6 Discuss if we implement the flexibility in organization what will be the advantages and disadvantages of flexibility in employee and employer context how both are affected in various situation. Tasks for M1 Technique and different model of HRM and flexibility are implemented and how we will get the desire result after implementing these models. Table of Contents Preface  ¦.8 Summary  ¦..9 Guests model 10 Hard and soft HRM 11 Storey model 11 Differences among HRM ANDPM 12 Importance of HRM 13 Application of pass level 14 Flexibility at workplace  ¦15 Need of flexibility  ¦16 Types of flexibility  ¦17 Pro and co of flexibility  ¦18,19,20 Application on organization  ¦21,22 Conclusion   Ã‚ ¦..23 Bibliography  ¦.24 Preface Being HR manger we have develop a report for voicegainz Communication Company that how they can implement different HRM approaches in their organization. We hope our work will be appreciated Summary This report is developed for HR department of voicegainz Communication Company. First of all we have discussed the Guest model and its relation with soft and Hard HRM. We have also discussed the storey model of HRM and explained the difference between human resource management and personnel management. Further we have defined and explained the importance strategic human resource management. Beside this we have also applied this approaches on organizing selected that how can voicegainz take benefits from these model, Furthermore we had discussed the importance of flexibility and why organization needs to arrange flexible working hour. We have also discussed and explained different types of flexibility method. In order to know more in depth we had also explained the advantages and disadvantages of flexible approaches. Beside this we have also applied all these topics on organization selected. At last of report we give a small conclusion of this report. Task for P1: Discuss the relationship between hard, soft, loose-tight HRM in context of guests model in implementation prospective. This should be done in perspective of information provided to the client. Guests model: Guest (1987) extended the Harvard models four HR policy choices of employee in ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uence, human resource  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ows, reward systems and work systems to a total of seven. These seven policy areas included: organizational job design; policy formulation and implementation and management of change; recruitment, selection and socialization; appraisal training and development; manpower  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ows, reward systems and communication systems. The correct policy choices will lead to HR outcomes of commitment, competence and cost effectiveness, and result in the long-term consequences of individual well-.being, organizational effectiveness and societal well-being. The perspective of soft HRM and Guest model is somehow same because both approaches emphasize on employee commitment, communication, reward system, appraisal, and on training and development. (http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com) Definition of hard HRM: According to Karen legge definition(human resource managment, 2010) that the hard model of HRM as a process of emphasizing the close integration of human resource policies with business strategy which regards employees as a source to be managed in the same rational way as any other being exploited for maximum return. Explanation: From the above definition its clear that in hard HRM model human resource manager more focus on to merge human resource policies with business strategy. Beside this in hard HRM model people are consider as resource. They are viewed as human capital, in which organization invest and from which organization expect return on its investment to achieve organization goals. According to our course (human resource managment, 2010) in hard approach organization strictly monitor and control employee through quantitative performance management. In this approach employer give less importance to employees. Organization will only invest on employee for business interest otherwise organization will not invest on employees. Soft HRM: According to definition given by legge (human resource managment, 2010) the soft version of HRM as a process whereby employees are viewed as valued asset and as a source of competitive advantages through their commitment, adaptability and high level of skill and performance. Explanation: According to our course book of (human resource managment, 2010) the soft HRM philosophy roots are traced back to human relation management school, which give more importance to communication, motivation and leadership. In contrast to hard HRM approach, soft HRM is totally different approach because in soft HRM model organization treat or consider employee as asset. According to soft HRM approach organization can gain competitive advantages through employees commitment and high skills. Similarly employer must involve employee in decision making due to which employee will be more motivated and committed toward organization. Beside this in soft HRM approach more importance is given to communication and organization culture. Employer must create such an opportunities for employee in organization where they could improve their skills and abilities. In addition soft HRM approach is more a unitarist approach, which means that the interest of employee and management should be same. From my view point this is the point which differentiates the soft HRM approach from hard HRM. Task for P: 2 Discuss how storeys definitions of HRM are different then personnel and IR practice and what the impact of these practices in organization: In 1992 storey (human resource managment, 2010) presented a theory in which he discussed that how traditional personnel management changed into human resource management. He underlines twenty seven points, which differentiate personnel management from human resource management. Storey begins his approach by defining four elements which distinguish HRM from personnel management. Differences between personnel management HRM: One of major difference is that personnel management consider employee as cost and try to minimize this cost. While human resource management consider employee as human resource and aim to improve and develop this resource. According to (michael Armstrong, 2006) the scope of personnel management is very limited as compare with human resource management. The human resource management gives more importance to organization culture and value, the HR manager always emphasis on employee to follow organization mission statement while personnel management emphasis on organization norms, costumes and practices. The personnel management believes that there should be strict monitoring over employees. While human resource management believe totally different. HRM create such an environment where employee works by themselves. The decision making in PM is slow as compare to HRM. The human resource manager considered human resource as asset for organization while personnel management is totally different. The human resource manager takes on board his subordinates toward achievement of mutual objectives. Further In personnel management, employees contract of employment is clearly written and employees must observe strictly the agreed employment contract. The contract is so rigid that there is no room for changes and modifications In contrast to personnel management in human resource management philosophy is more different. In human resource management there is not restriction or any strictness here manager goes beyond the contract. difference copy.jpg Tasks for P3 Discuss what the strategic importance of HRM for any organization is. Discuss from the point of view of strategic approaches of HRM. Definition: According to definition given by Bratton Gold that strategic human resource management is the process of linking the human resource function with the strategic objective of the organization in order to improve performance. (human resource managment, 2010) SHRM: According to this definition that strategic human resource management is the practice of aligning the business strategy with human resource policies in order to achieve strategic goals of the business. The aim behind strategic human resource is that organization must fit its human resource strategy within the framework of overall business objectives and therefore ensure that there is alignment among the human resource practices and the strategic objective of the organization. The changes in the business environment with increasing globalization, changing demographics of the workforce, increased focus on profitability through growth and change in technology forced organization to focus more on SHRM. In order to achieve long term goals its important to give more importance to human resource. The role of the HR manager must parallel the needs of this developing, changing organization. Successful organizations are becoming more adaptable, resilient, quick to change direction, and customer-centered. They recognize that organization will compete for talent in coming years. This recognition brings about the need for employee oriented workplaces and programs that meet the needs of employees for meaningful work, growth, challenge, communication, and effective leadership. Strategic human resource management more concentrates on action which could distinguish the organization from it competitor. It develop declaration of intent which define means to achieve ends its concerned with the long term allocation of significant organization resources and with matching those resources and capabilities to the external environment. The essential aim of ideal SHRM is to produce ideal ability by guaranteeing that the company has the experienced, dedicated and well motivated workers it needs to accomplish continual competitive benefits. (http://www.citehr.com) Task for M: 1 The student is expected to apply the approaches and methods discussed at Pass level on the organization selected. The organization which we selected for this report is a voicegainz communication company which is a local call centre. Which provide services to different companies located in Europe and Afghanistan: according to scenario being HR manager we have to establish HR department in order to efficiently and effectively manage its human resource: In order to establish HR department voicegainz communication we will make HR policy on the basis of guest mode and all other methods which we discussed above. In order achieve high job performance, high problem solving, and similarly to decrease labor turn over, employee absence and to maintain low grievance level voicegainz communication company have to focus on these seven points. Such as organization job design and structure, policy and management of change, communication system, appraisal and training, recruitment and selection, man power flow, reward system. Voicegainz Communication Company has to give more power to its employee. Due to which worker will be able to take decisions. In order to run organization HR manager will forecast the need of human resource for organization. The HRM will also have to attract and retain talented people for organization. It will be the responsibility of HR manager to motivate employees through proper rewards and incentives, in order to control labor turnover. The HR manager is also responsible to manage employee performance. It is his duty to develop proper performance appraisal methods. Beside this HR manager is responsible to develop and manage pay structure for employee similarly its HR manager duty to develop performance pay system and benefits schemes such as pension, maternity and sick pay. Voicegainz Communication Company should develop such a workforce which could compete in competitive environment. The HR manager role is to create motivated and committed workforce for the organization. Further it will be responsibilities of HR manager to ensure that there is proper communication among employee and line manger. However in practical life mostly organization adopt element of both soft and hard HR but we will give more importance to soft HRM approach. The HR manger of voicegainz Communication Company will consider employees as assets and an important source of competitive advantages. Beside this HR manager of voicegainz will have to adopt more democratic leadership style. The HR manager of voicegainz Communication Company has to think more strategically. It will be responsibilities of HR manager to make sure that HR policy and business policies are integrated. This mean that managers take responsibilities for human resource and need to ensure that they have the right people in the right places to ensure that business strategy can be achieve. Outcome: 2 Task for P: 4 Discuss where we can use the model of flexibility in organization and how we can use it for the improvements in the organization selected. Flexibility: According to our course book (human resource managment, 2010)that flexibility first emerged as a major issue in the 1980 in western European countries, mostly due to increased competition, international recession, uncertainty about future market and also due to introduction of new technology. There are some other reasons like increase in number of working women. Similarly majority of workforce have family responsibilities. Beside this there are some countries where an individual cant work more than 48 hours per week on average. In our course book its mention that Due to these changes and demand organizations and employer felt to provide and introduce flexibility in their organization. An organization can use the model of flexibility for different purposes. According to survey conducted by CIPD shows that organizations not only use model of flexibility for the sick of employee need, but also to meet customer needs, to retain employees, and to achieve organization goals. (http://www.cipd.co.uk) We can use model of flexibility in different situation suppose an organization which aim to increase production, offer its employee to work over time or outsource them. In order to decrease employee absenteeism organization may offer flexible work schedule or job sharing scheme. Recently the changes in law also force employer to create more flexible working environment. In 2002 a new act was introduced in UK in relation to flexible working (human resource managment, 2010). According to this law that In order to make a request for flexile working hour employee should follow the below procedure. Employee can request for flexible working arrangement specially Have a child under the age of six years old, or a disabled child(under 18) Employee who have worked for the organization for at least twenty six constant weeks. Employee most request in written form and should write all the reasons due which employee request for flexible working hour. Within 28 day employer has to respond to request whether he accept or reject. If request rejected employee must appeal. If employees think that employer didnt follow rule and regulation, the employee has the right to bring complaint before an employment tribunal within 3 months. (human resource managment, 2010) Task for P: 5 Describe the need for flexibility and the types of flexibility which may be developed by an organization and give examples of how they can be implemented: Need for flexibility: As we know that Due to demographic and social changes the number of people in the paid workforce with caring responsibilities is set to increase. This will in turn increase the demand for flexibility in the workplace. An organization through flexibility can retain best employees. Similarly through flexible workplace organization can also boost productivity and innovation. So these all are the reasons due which need for flexible work place arise. According to our course book of (human resource management and employee relation) that in 1984 Atkinson introduced a new model which known as the core /periphery model) according to this model organization mostly consist of core and periphery employee. According to him that core employee are more important for organization survival because they posses high skills and are more competent. As we said that these employees are more important for organization survival therefore they should be treated differently from other group. Organization should provide them career development opportunity and should be more paid. (human resource managment, 2010) In contrast to core group, periphery group worker enjoy none of the benefits given to core group. There is categorization within the peripheral group. According to Atkinson the first peripheral group is combination of full time labor, but more vulnerable than core group workers. There is no need to achieve functional flexibility among this group as little training is needed to perform the job, since they tend to be less skilled. Beside this there is second peripheral group which is made of staff employed on part time or on fixed term contract. This group has less skill and has less chance of promotions. Similarly this group has lower salary then core group. There is also third group which are consist of external employees who are not directly employed by organization. These are employees such as sub-contractor or employed through outsourcing. The shamrock organization Charles handy used the shamrock organization to apply a model to work force flexibility. The three level leaves of shamrock were used to symbolize an organization human resource. Professional core: According to Charles handy professional core are permanently employed people who represent the distinctive knowledge and competence of the firm. According to him that professional core group are more talented and professionals. Organization will paid them more as compare with others. These people are closer to organization. This group has more knowledge about organization objectives and practices. As we said that they are rewarded with high salaries and award but in return they must show strong commitment toward organization. Flexible labor force: According to Charles handy flexible labor force are not permanent workers. They work temporary or part time for organizations. They join the work when ever organization needs them especially in peak time. for example in Easter festival demand for chocolates increase due to which organization hire worker temporarily in order to meet demand. Contractual fringe: The second group consists of contracted (outsourced) specialists who may be used, for example, for advertising, RD, computing computer, catering and mailing services. They operate in an existential culture; and are rewarded with fees rather than with salaries or wages. Their contribution to the organization is measured in output rather than in hours, in results rather than in time. (human resource managment, 2010) Task for P 5: There are different types of labor flexibility, which can be applied in different situations. We will discuss them briefly. Functional flexibility: Functional flexibility which is also known as task flexibility, in this method employee should know or have multi skills. In this method employer simply provide training to employees in order to learn new skill. In the method employees are redeploy to do multi tasks. The overall aim behind offering functional flexibility is to achieve greater workforce productivity. Location flexibility: In the method there is flexibility for workers to work far away from the office base. In this method employee connect with office via email or any other electronic medium. Such kind of flexibility provides benefit to both employee and employer. Through location flexibility method organization can reduce its office cost. (human resource managment, 2010) Temporal flexibility: It refers to shifting working hours in order to meet production demand. In a situation where there is fluctuation in production and demand employee may work over time. Similarly organization may hire employee for part time job. Numerical flexibility: It referred to the firms ability to operate the number of labor input through working arrangement within the firm or by using the external labor market (e.g., short-term contracts, flexible working hours). Through numerical flexibility method organization can easily handle the fluctuation in demand and supply. (human resource managment, 2010) Flexible working method: There are different flexible working methods. We will discuss them below: Temporal flexibility: Flextime: In this method employee choose when to start and end work. This is the most requested and most affordable type flexible working arrangement. For example an employee chooses to start work on 9am to 4 pm on Monday while on Thursday start work on 11am and end work at 6 pm. Job sharing: In this method workers mostly share the job hours among each other. This option can be difficult for small employer where training may necessary. For example: one worker work in the evening while another does the same job at morning. Overtime: In over time method Organization offer employee to work overtime. A business may ask employee to work overtime in order to increase the production or meet demand. For example in factory normal working hours is from 9 am to 4pm. But employer ask employee to work till 8 o clock. Numerical flexibility: Part time: Part time worker are those workers which work less than 40 hour per week. They are not permanent workers due to which organizations didnt give them other benefits. According to our course book recently government of UK take serious step for the right of part time worker. According to these laws part time worker should be treated equally. Functional flexibility: Multi skilling: in multi skilling employer give training to employee in order to learn multi task. In this method employee do multi tasks Location flexibility: Telecommuting is a perform agreement in which a worker provides out all or some of the responsibilities of the job at house or another different place. From example an employee work in Telecom Company but perform the entire tasks from home. (http://www.hr.ucdavis.edu) Task for P6: Discuss if we implement the flexibility in organization what will be the advantages and disadvantages of flexibility in employee and employer context how both are affected in various situation. As we know that everything has some kind advantages and disadvantages similarly flexibility have some advantages and disadvantages. In article written by CIPD that CIPD believe that flexible working arrangement play very important role in organization success. Further they explain that HR manager can use flexibility as strategic tool. An employee gets more committed toward organization due to flexible working arrangement. According survey conducted by CIPD that workers on flexible contracts likely to be more emotionally engaged, more satisfied with their work, more likely to speak positively about their organization and less likely to quit. However we will discuss its advantages and disadvantages below. Advantages for employer: As we discuss above that due to flexible work schedule employee get more committed toward organization. Similarly flexible work schedule decreased absenteeism because with flexible working arrangement employee can easily make balance between work and family responsibilities. Due to flexible working schedule organization can retain more talented workforce. Beside this organization can recruit outstanding employees due to flexibility. By providing flexible working environment organization can develops its corporate image. (michael Armstrong, 2006) Disadvantages for employer: Similarly arranging flexible working hour has some advantages. It may take much cost to administer the schemes. Because employee should be trained that flexible polices and also the bills of utilities such as gas, telephone etc increase due to extra usage. Beside this employer can also face communication difficulties because everyone have different working hour. Advantages for employee: Flexible working arrangement has lots of advantages for employee. Employee can manage his working responsibilities and family responsibilities. Similarly employee gets satisfied and more motivated. They enjoy the workplace and less likely to get tired or bored from job. Through some method employee can gain experience for example multi skilling method Disadvantages for employees: Through flexible working arrangement employee can also get tired for example in compressed hour method employee may work for long time. Similarly Multi-skilled employee has to work more so it creates burden for him/her. Some time for employees it become difficult to manage or complete the task for homes. (human resource managment, 2010) Task for M2: Use different sources of information to justify your implementation of in organization. In order to complete this report, we have collect data from our course book, from teacher slides and from different website which keen be seen as bibliography at end of the report. Task for M: 3 You will have to justify your choice of flexibility approach applied in the organization. Consider organizational type and resources which are relevant to HR. As we know that there are different types of flexibility, which can be use in different situations. Here we have developed some flexible working arrangement for voicegainz Communication Company. We have proposed two kind flexibility such as location and, temporal flexibility: as voicegainz is telecommunication company therefore it will be will beneficial for employees by offering for them tele -working, flexi time and job sharing. Tele-working: by offering tele-working flexibility employees will enjoy to work from their home. Employee will no more face rush hours, pollution and will also minimize travel cost. Employee of voicegainz will be able to balance their work and family responsibilities. Beside this employer will also get benefit from this method because it will save overheads, particularly premises cost because know a days rent for buildings are rising. Flexi time: by offering flexi time employees will easily manage their working hour and family responsibilities. Those who have any urgent work can easily will choose when to arrive and leave. As voicegainz have 24/7 service system therefore employee can easily its working hours. It will also increase the morale of female employee because they are allowed some time to go earlier. Job sharing: as voicegainz communication company have 24/7 service therefore It helps company to carry out its work with without i.e. whenever employee is absent due to any reason then there is always someone in the company to carry out his/her tasks. In order to request for flexible working employee will pass from below process Task for D: 1 Synthesis has been used to generate and justify valid conclusions Conclusion: Guest (1987) extended the Harvard models four HR policy choices of employee in ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uence, hu

Mussolini Essay -- essays research papers

Benito Mussolini Like his father, Benito became a burning socialist. Mussolini had huge goals of running a political machine based on his own beliefs. Born in the poverty-stricken village of Romagna, Italy, he was wild, nomadic, and defiant as a young adult lived the life of a bum. Showing fierce aggression at such a young age, he was expelled from two schools for knife-assaults on other students. His father a village blacksmith and his mother a schoolmistress, he lived life in poverty that seemed inscapable. By moving from Italy to Austria he devoted himself to the battle for human and economic freedom. Mussolini had become an impassioned Socialist. He had been appointed secretary to the Socialists of the Chamber of Labor in Trent, Austria. He also headed a weekly newspaper that was a major Socialist channel in Trent. Practicing journalism, in which he had always thought as his first passion. This gave Mussolini an opportuninty to establish a name in the Socialist Party and with the people in general. He wrote articles that would get the people's blood racing on church issues. One thing Benito Mussolini was not afraid of was the rage of other men. For these articles he spent time in prison and was then deported back to Italy. In Italy he persisted and gave public speeches, the people loved his ideas. He became one of Italy's most intelligent and menacing young Socialist. In November 1914 he published, Il Popolo d'Italia, and the prowar group Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzi...